Wealthy of nations book 5 part 2 article 2 review
OF THE EXPENSES OF INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INSTRUCTIONS OF PEOPLE OF ALL AGES
ARTICLE 2
Though private schools are generally better than public ones, hewrites, education must be made available to everyone, even thosewho cannot afford it. Not only does it help to decrease feelings ofalienation that the working class might experience in the drudgeryof factory life, but education and, above all, exposure to arts andculture makes people less likely to fall prey to religious extremism,which can alienate them from political life and cause them to resenttheir government. Finally, Smith warns, the power of the Churchover the minds and ultimately the pocketbooks of the people canonly be checked by education, which serves to undermine suspicionand antagonism.
These concerns show Smith to be relatively progressive when itcomes to his social conception—articulating the value of educationin training the rational mind against dogma, the dangerous power ofa strong church, and emphasizing the risk of alienation faced by theworking classes. This last point would later become critical inMarxist ideology. Smith, meanwhile, had already predicted suchrisks before the industrial revolution got well underway.
Governments may find it worthwhile to subsidize education forother reasons, as well. In Smith's time, the majority of educationalinstitutions were religious. However, he argues, toleration ofextreme or dissident sects is politically dangerous. One method ofdecreasing the appeal of such sects is through education, specificallythrough the study of science or philosophy. Furthermore, theattractiveness of these sects can be mitigated by the "frequency andgaiety of public diversions" (the arts). The diffusion of culture alsoserves to dissipate melancholy and gloom, which act as nurses tosuperstition. In short, education and culture may help the state todiscourage the development of extreme ideologies and sectarianism.
At the close of the section on education, Smith goes on to make anumber of cautionary comments about the power of the Church. Hewrites that the wealth of the Church necessarily comes at theexpense of the state. There arises a natural competition between thetwo as tax-levying bodies, and, since the Church and the state usethe same avenues for levying and collecting taxes, the existence ofone limits the amount that may be collected by the other. Moreover,the wealth of the Church, when excessive, serves not only to destroythe perceived sanctity of the institution, but also distractsChurchmen from their proper duties. For these reasons, the appealof the church should be checked by the power of the state.
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